Computer Fundamental in Hindi/ 2 पेज में जाने computer के बारे में सबकुछ |

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What is Computer?

A computer is an electronic machine, which can calculate large type of data with high speed and accuracy without any mistake.

कंप्यूटर एक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक मशीन है, जो बिना किसी गलती के उच्च गति और सटीकता के साथ बड़े प्रकार के डेटा की गणना कर सकती है।

OR

A computer is an electronic device for processing data.

कंप्यूटर डेटा प्रोसेसिंग के लिए एक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरण है।

OR

A computer is an electronic device which able to think and give response.

कंप्यूटर एक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरण है जो सोचने और प्रतिक्रिया देने में सक्षम है।

OR

A computer is an electronic device, which accepts data, performs calculation and gives us a meaningful sequential result.

कंप्यूटर एक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरण है, जो डेटा स्वीकार करता है, गणना करता है और हमें एक सार्थक अनुक्रमिक परिणाम देता है।

A computer does mainly the following four functions –

1. Receive Input            –          Keyboard, Mouse
2. Process Information –          CPU
3. Produce Output        –          Monitor, Printer
4. Store Information     –         Hard disk

Full form of Computer

• C       –         Compute
• O       –         Obedient
• M      –         Machine
• P        –         Provide
• U       –         User
• T        –         Type
• E        –         Edit/ Everything
• R       –         Right/Response

PARTS OF COMPUTER

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Computer – The word computer comes from Latin word “Compute” which means “To Calculate”, “To Count” and “To sumup”.

कंप्यूटर – कंप्यूटर शब्द लैटिन शब्द “कम्प्यूट” से आया है जिसका अर्थ है “गणना करना”, “गिनना” और “योग करना”।

Primitive people used stones and sticks for calculations. As human minds and technology improved with time more computing devices were developed.

आदिमलोग गणना के लिए पत्थरों और लाठी का इस्तेमाल करते थे। जैसे-जैसे समय के साथ मानव दिमाग और प्रौद्योगिकी में सुधार हुआ और अधिक कंप्यूटिंग उपकरणों का विकास हुआ।

(I)      ABACUS – Abundant Beads, Addition and calculation Utility System

Around 13^th century in China a device developed known as Abacus. It was used for addition and subtraction and was made of a rectangular wooden frame holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. The Japanese and Russians soon made their own version of abacus.

13वीं शताब्दी के आसपास चीन में एक उपकरण विकसित हुआ जिसे अबेकस के नाम से जाना जाता है। इसका उपयोग जोड़ और घटाव के लिए किया जाता था और यह एक आयताकार लकड़ी के फ्रेम से बना होता था, जिसमें समानांतर तार होते थे, जिस पर मोतियों को बांधा जाता था। जापानी और रूसियों ने जल्द ही अबेकस का अपना संस्करण बनाया।(ii) Napier Bone’s

In 1617, a Scottish Mathematician Sir John Napier invented the Napier Bone’s, a set of rectangular rod. A rod surface comprises nine squares and each squares except the top one comprises two halves divided by a diagonal line. This device was used for multiplication and division.

1617 में स्कॉटिश गणितज्ञ सर जॉन नेपियर ने नेपियर बोन का आविष्कार किया, जो आयताकार छड़ का एक सेट है। एक छड़ की सतह में नौ वर्ग होते हैं और शीर्ष को छोड़कर प्रत्येक वर्ग में एक विकर्ण रेखा से विभाजित दो भाग होते हैं। इस उपकरण का उपयोग गुणा और भाग के लिए किया जाता था।

(iii) Pascal’s Calculator – (1645)

The first machine calculator was invented in 1645 by a French mathematician called Blaise Pascal. At that time he was only 19 years old. This device was called Pascal’s calculator and used for addition and subtraction.

पहली मशीन कैलकुलेटर का आविष्कार 1645 में एक फ्रांसीसी गणितज्ञ ब्लेज़ पास्कल ने किया था। उस समय वह केवल 19 वर्ष के थे। इस उपकरण को पास्कल का कैलकुलेटर कहा जाता था और इसका उपयोग जोड़ और घटाव के लिए किया जाता था।

(iv) Analytical/Different Machine –

In 1822, Charles Babbage a British mathematician designed and built the different machine for the calculations of arithmetical, Logarithmic and Trigonometric functions. It was steam driven calculating machine. Punch card was used as memory. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing information as permanent memory.

1822 में, चार्ल्स बैबेज एक ब्रिटिश गणितज्ञ ने अंकगणितीय, लघुगणक और त्रिकोणमितीय कार्यों की गणना के लिए अलग-अलग मशीन का डिजाइन और निर्माण किया। यह भाप से चलने वाली गणना करने वाली मशीन थी। मेमोरी के रूप में पंच कार्ड का प्रयोग किया जाता था।यह किसी भी गणितीय समस्या को हल करने और सूचनाओं को स्थायी मेमोरी के रूप में संग्रहीत करने में सक्षम था।

Charles Babbage –

 Charles Babbage was born in England. He was a great mathematician, philosopher and mechanical engineer. He was popularly known as “Father of Modern Computer”.

चार्ल्स बैबेज का जन्म इंग्लैंड में हुआ था। वह एक महान गणितज्ञ, दार्शनिक और यांत्रिक इंजीनियर थे। उन्हें लोकप्रिय रूप से “आधुनिक कंप्यूटर के पिता” के रूप में जाना जाता था।

Ada-Lovelace –

Ada-Lovelace was born in London (U.K). She was follow worker of Charles Babbage and was popularly known as “First Computer Programmer in the World”. She programmed in Analytical machine.

अदा-लवलेस का जन्म लंदन (यू.के.) में हुआ था। वह चार्ल्स बैबेज की अनुयायी थीं और उन्हें “दुनिया में पहले कंप्यूटर प्रोग्रामर” के रूप में जाना जाता था। उसने एनालिटिकल मशीन में प्रोग्राम किया।

(V) Tabulating Machine –

It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith an American Statistician. It was a mechanical tabulator based on Punch-card. This machine was use in 1890 in US. Hollerith also started the Hollerith’s Tabulating machine company, which later became IBM (International Business Machine) in 1924.

इसका आविष्कार 1890 में एक अमेरिकी सांख्यिकीविद् हरमन होलेरिथ ने किया था। यह पंच-कार्ड पर आधारित एक यांत्रिक टेबुलेटर था। इस मशीन का इस्तेमाल 1890 में अमेरिका में हुआ था। होलेरिथ ने होलेरिथ की टेबुलेटिंग मशीन कंपनी भी शुरू की, जो बाद में 1924 में आईबीएम (इंटरनेशनल बिजनेस मशीन) बन गई।

GENERATION OF COMPUTER

1. 1^st generation computer:- (1946-1955)
2. 2^nd Generation computer:- (1956-1965)
3. 3^rd Generation computer:- (1966-1975)
4. 4^th Generation computer:- (1975-1986)
5. 5^th Generation computer:- (1986-onwards)

• 1^st generation computer:- (1946-1955)

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrated Analysis and Calculator) was the first electronic computer developed in 1946by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert in USA. This computer used high-speed vacuum tubes switching device. It had very small memory. This machine was 30´18 feet long, weighted 30 tons contained 1800 vacuum tubes, use 15000 watts of electricity and cost $ 4 lakh. Ex – ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, IBM-650

• 2^nd Generation computer:- (1956-1965)

In second generation computer vacuum tubewas replaced withTransistor. Another major invent during this period was the invention of magnetic core for data storage.Commercial application rapidly developed during this period. More than 80% computer will be used in business and industry.

The main characteristics of the 2^nd generation computer

1.  Reduction in size and weight
2.  Reduction in cost
3.  They were became portable
4.  There was an improvement in terms of reliability and accuracy of the information that it produced.

• 3^rd Generation computer:- (1966-1975)

The third generation computer replaced with IC (Integrated circuit)popularly known as chips. From medium scale integrated circuit with hundred transistors. Ex- IBM-370, PDP(programmed data processor).

•  4^th Generation computer:- (1975-1986)

The fourth generation of computer IC was replaced by microprocessor (CPU). A microprocessor chip contains entire central processing unit on a single chip. The size of a computer was reduced. The desktop computer comes into the market. The computing speed increases and used for general purpose. Ex- IBM 4300, Apple, Intel 4004.

• 5^th Generation computer:- (1986-onwards) Artificial Intelligence (present and beyond)

Fifth generation computing devices, based on Artificial Intelligence, are still in development though there are some applications, such as voice recognition that are being used today. The size of computer was very much reduced compared to fourth generation of computer. These computers are used for general purpose and special purpose. Ex- Supercomputer, Robots, Notebook etc.

• The whole computer is divided into two broader section

1. Hardware
2. Software

Hardware: The part of computer which can be seen and touched by human being is called Hardware.

Software: The part of computer which can be only seen but not touched is called Software.

Note: Software is the power of Hardware without software hardware can not work.

• The Whole hardware again divided into five categories

1. Input device(I/O Device)
2. Output Device(O/P Device)
3. Processing Device
4. Storage Device
5. Power Supply

Input Device

An input device is a part of computer that feeds data into a computer.

इनपुट डिवाइस कंप्यूटर का एक हिस्सा है जो कंप्यूटर में डेटा फीड करता है।

1.  Keyboard
2.  Mouse
3.  Scanner
4.  Joystick
5.  Digital Camera
6.  Web Camera
7.  Light pen
8.  Touch Screen
9.  Card reader

1) Keyboard:-

Keyboard is an input device consisting of a set of typewriter keys that enables you to enter data into a computer. There are two types of keyboard-

On the basis of keys

• (a) Standard keyboard / Normal keyboard® (104 keys)
• (b) Multimedia keyboard / Enhanced keyboard ® (118 keys)

 On the basis of port

• (a) Ps2 keyboard
• (b) USB keyboard

Keyboard Structure

1.  (A to Z) -Alphabet/Letter keys
2.  (0 to 9) – Numeric keys
3.  (Esc)- Escape key
4.  (      ) – Tab key
5.  (Caps Lock) -Caps lock key
6.  (Alt) – Alternate key
7.  (Ctrl) – Control key
8.  (Shift) -Shift key
9.  (window)-  window key
10.  (Enter) – Enter key
11.  () – Right click key
12.  [{()}]- Brackets
13.  (      ) – Back space key
14.  ( \ ) –  Back slash key
15.  (/)- Forward slash key
16.  (Del) –  Delete key
17.  (      ) – Space bar
18.  (Pg. Up/Page up) – page up key
19.  (PgDn/Page down) – Page down key
20.  (Num Lock) – Number lock key
21.  (Home) – Home key
22.  (End) -End key
23.  (:)- Colon key
24.  (;)-Semi colon key
25.  ($) – Dollar sign key
26.  (#) – Hash sign key
27.  (@) -At the rate of sign key
28.  (%)  – Percentage key
29.  (^) – Correct sign
30.  (|) – Pipe sign key
31.  (~)  -Tidal sign key
32.  (>)  – Greater than sign
33.  (<)  – Less than sign
34.  (F1 to F12) -Function key
35. (Cursor control key/Arrow key)

 Mouse

A Mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. It has    three buttons – Left, Right & Center. Through this device, we can input instructions in the computer by clicking.

# Left button is used to open selected items.

# Right button is use to open list.

# clicking means pressing the left button.

# Scroll/Wheel button is use to scroll the page up and down.

Types of Mouse

 

1. Mechanical Mouse
2. Optical Mouse
3. Laser Mouse
4. Wireless Mouse

Mechanical Mouse:-

In this type of Mouse, movement of a cursor on the screen is relative to the movement of the ball available at the button of the mouse.

 Optical Mouse

 It uses a light emitting diode (LED) and photodiodes to detect movement.

 Laser Mouse:-

It uses infrared laser diode instead of normal LED.

 Wireless Mouse:-

It communicates with the computer via radio waves (often using Bluetooth hardware and software) so that a cord is not needed (but such mouse needs internal batteries).

Scanner

The keyboard can input only text through given keys but if we want to input picture the keyboard cannot help us. Scanner is an optical device that can input any graphics, charts or pictures and display it on the screen.

Types of Scanner

1.  MICR –Magnetic Ink Character Recognition/Reader
2.  OCR  –Optical Character Recognition/Reader
3.  OMR- Optical Mark Reader
4.  BCR – Bar Code Reader

MICR

It is a character recognition technology, which is primarily used by the banking industry to facilitate the processing of cheques. This technology allows the computer to read information (such as account no) on printed documents. Characters are print in special typefaces with a magnetic ink (that contains icon oxide).

MICR can read up to 2400 documents/ min.

 OCR

It is used to translate scanned images of hand writing, type-written, printed text into machine encode text. It is widely used to convert books and documents into electronic files. The normal speed of an OCR is 1500 to 3000 characters per second

 OMR

It is used to capture human marked data from document from such as surveys and tests. One of the most familiar application  of optical mark reader is the checking of optical answer sheet in multiple choice question. It uses high intensity to read the marks or symbols.

 BCR

It is an input device used for reading printed bar codes on product to be sold.

Father of Barcode – “Norman Joseph Woodland” and “Bernard Silver” in 1952 in USA.

Types of Barcode

1.  1D Barcode
2.  2D Barcode

Barcode is a part of UPC (Universal Product Code). It h1503961859as two parts (i) Barcoded (ii) UPC code which is 12 digits. First five digits is its number and manufacturer identification number and next five number represents item no and last two digits tell that scanning is right or not. It is called checked digit. 1D Barcode only stores text information. 2D Barcode store other information like price, quantity, web address, image etc.

The linear Barcode scanner cannot read 2D Barcodes.

QR:-Quick Response Code

Joystick

A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as the control column, is the principal control device in the cockpit of many civilian and military aircraft, either as a Centre stick or side-stick.

Digital Camera

A digital camera is a camera that captures photographs in digital memory. Most cameras produced today are digital

Web Camera

A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams an image or video in real time to or through a computer to a computer network, such as the Internet.

Light pen

A light pen is a pointing device shaped like a pen and is connected to a visual display unit (VDU). The tip of the light pen contains a light sensitive element which placed against the screen detects the light from the screen enabling the computer to identify the location of the tip of pen on screen.

Touch screen

An electronic visual display can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. The term touch screen generally refers to touching the display of the device with figure and hand. The touch screen sends signals to the computer. Generally, smartphones have a high-resolution capacitive touch screen.

There are different types of touch screens available with electronic device like capacitive touch screen, Resistive touch screen or Gorilla glass touch screen etc.

Card Reader

It is an Input device, which can be used to transfer data from memory chip to computer.